Communicative Functions of Sentences

Communicative Functions of Sentences(Timothy. Shopen 2007) stated that, thither argon at least four minds in which one domiciliate talk rough article or clock time types in a wording. One charge is in terms of the indication amongst indicative mood, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory prison terms. A atomic number 42 sense of article type is represented by the distinction amid principal(prenominal) clause and subordinate clause, and among opposite types of subordinate clauses. Issues related to this sense argon discussed in the chapters on subordination, A third sense of clause type concerns the way the very(prenominal) event or situation can be spoken about, from diametrical perspectives, with grammatical consequences such as component part and pragmatic consequences such as topic and focus. The fourth sense, the one discussed, involves different types of clauses in terms of their internal structure, primarily surrounding different types of predicates. Here, the nigh basic distinction is between verbal and nonverbal predicates.Literature polish upSentence in traditional grammarIntroductionB.A.Okolo(2008) stated that the traditional syntactician fellow a certain procedure consort to what he go steady about the nature of the language, he added that if the language is the reflection of our thought, then on that point must be correlation between what we think and the language that we communicate our thoughts, and that why traditional grammarian began his description with double-dyed(a) meaning expert statement, imposing that each sentence must has subject and predicate, thus these split contri barelye each an other(prenominal) to the meaning of the hale sentences.Definition of a sentence in traditional grammarSidney. Greenbaum (2002) stated that the traditional definition of the sentence is thatA sentence is a group of speech that express a complete thought however he argued that this definition is nonional, because it coul d lead to misunderstanding to what it meant by a complete thought, so he approved this trust by explaining that well-nigh sentences have more than a thought.B. A. Okolo (2008) added that the words complete thought in traditional definition of a sentences do non mean logic ally complete, because logical complete thought does not cancelled out to be a sentence, but the paragraph, the essay, the chapter or even the whole book.Sidney (2002) defined the sentence as a group of words that begins with detonating device letter and ends with full stop, but again he argued this definition stating that there are a large number of sentences begin with two capital of the United States letters (in the case of nouns) and still considered as sentences, and others begin with capital letter but not end with capital letter the akins of imperatives, exclamations and questions, so this definition is not adequate.Another common definition of sentence in traditional grammar is that a sentence is a group of words that populate of subject and predicate but A. B (2008) argued that by stating that lots of sentences in English do not consist of subject take like for example imperative take off your shoes thus sentence is easy to describe (explain) rather than define.Bas Arts and April MCmahan (2006) defined the sentence as A sentence is basically a group of words which are tied to frig aroundher and convey an idea, event or description. The words in an English sentence have a certain wander and rules regarding ship canal to either expand or shorten it. The boundaries of a sentence are easily recognized, as it begins with a capital letter and ends with a end point punctuation mark (period, question mark or exclamation point). It is definitive for English writers to know the language of sentence grammar terms in order to be able to analyze and develop their writingSentence types match to meaning and word orderM. Verspoor and K. Sauter (2000) stated that English sentences can b e classified according to communicative functions and patterns into four basic finds Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative and exclamatory sentence patterns, they added that when people communicate, they communicate for heterogeneous reasons, but the four main reasons areTo inform someone of somethingTo get schooling from someoneTo get someone to do somethingTo express ones attitude about somethingAnd each of these communicative functions has the following patterns tush is leaving.Is tooshie leaving?LeaveHow awful John is leavingSo these patterns have the following syntactic characteristicsSubject- whole verb government agency of verb- subject- rest of the verbVerb by itselfHow ..Followed by remainder of sentenceThus the words john is leaving express the following functionsInforming ( declaratory)Asking for education (interrogative)Getting someone to do something (imperative)Expressing tonus/attitude (exclamatory)B.A.Okol (2008) added that traditional grammarians broadly ag reed that sentences can express four kinds of meaningFacts (declarative sentences)The declarative sentence is used chiefly to make an assertion commonly it states a fact, but sometimes a probability, a possibility, or even an impossibility, the normal word-order of the declarative sentence is subject-verb or subject-verb-complement. This order is usually changed.Commands (imperative sentences)An imperative sentence expresses a command or a request, there is usually no clump difference between an imperative sentence with convey subject and a declarative sentence. Thus you sing out of context may be either a request that you do the singing (imperative) or a remark that you know how to sing (declarative). But sentences using the verb (be) can be distinguished by the form of the verbYou be the vocalist (imperative)You are the singer (declarative)Questions (interrogative sentences)The interrogative sentence usually asks a questionExclamations (exclamatory sentences)An exclamations s entence expresses feeling or emotion. Exclamatory sentences are often introduced by what or how, as a modifier of the complementInterrogative SentencesThe interrogative sentence usually asks a questionHave you seen Sam?Do you know that John is sick?Did the doctor say it will be twins?Is the fodder good?Sentence according to verbal predicatetransitive verb and intransitive verb verb clauseTimothy Shopen (2007) explained that the distinction of the clause with verbal predicates, is that the distinction between transitive and intransitive, transitive clause takes two or more argument, whereas intransitive takes only one argument, so in languages like English the distinction can be, by saying that transitive clause has an object, whereas intransitive does not as in the following examplesMy cut through ate the hamburger (transitive)My dog is sleeping in the abasementFrom the examples above, it is clear that transitive verbs like ingest need an object to complete the meaning of the cla use, but intransitive verbs like sleep does not need an object, although there a prepositional give voice followed the verb sleep in the above sentence but it is not an object, it is an extension because the meaning is still complete if this prepositional phrase removed from the sentence.Ditransitive clauseTimothy (2007) stated that some English constructions contain more than object, or at least two nonsubject arguments, so these constructions are so called ditransitives as the examples below explainNancy gave Jeff some flowersBob told Sally a trading floorSo in these examples the noun phrases Jeff and Sally are so called verificatory object, and the noun phrases some flowers and a story are reign over object, in the previous examples in influence objects flowed immediately the verb, whereas direct objects end the sentence, but in the construction with preposition direct object flowed the verb immediately and indirect object flowed the preposition as in the following construct ionsNancy gave some flowers to JeffBob told a story to SallyData ingathering and analysisData collectionFor the purpose of this assignment the researcher selected indiscriminately a chapter from the book titled, the memories of babikr bedri, this book is written by Babikr Bedri in Arabic and translated to English by his son yousif bedri, the chapter selected is chapter one which is titled, Babyhood and Youth rascal 1-14 .And the motivation beyond this is to investigate clause types in English language according to the following criteriaAccording to meaning and word orderAnd according to verbal predicatesData analysisThe data collected for the purpose of this think over were analyzed in the following stepsStep one to pick up clause types according to meaning and word orderStep two to identify clause types according to verbal predicatesStep one clause according to meaning and word orderFacts (declarative sentences)Our teacher sat down(a) (Para 1 paginate 6)I mastered the memori zation of koran in the year 1880 (Para 4 paginate 7)We arrived in Madani (Para 5 Page 9)Commands (imperative sentences) come in here (Para 2 Page 5)Go and wash your slat (the same Para)Come and write what you washed off before (Para 3 Page 5)Questions (interrogative sentences)When and in what circumstances did you copy this book? (Para 2 Page 12)Do you eat better than that in rufaa? (Para 2 Page 10)What food do you have? (Para 2 Page 10)To who did recite the previous piece? (Para 2 page 5)Who was with you? (Para 2 page 5)Exclamations (exclamatory sentences)How he put me down (Para 3 Page 1)Step twoClause according to verbal predicatesTransitive clauseOur teacher Muhammad had study the Koran and other subjects (Para 2 Page 12)I was explained the word wabar (Para 3 Page 10)Intransitive clauseWe all laughed (Para 3 Page 10)We agreed (Para 3 Page 10)Ditransitive clauseMy parents told me that I was born on 8 August 1861 (Para 1 Page 1)let me tell you about this man (Para 1 Page 4)A pup ils family transmit a feast to the school (Para 1 page 7)She put my books in a cloth satchel (Para 2 Page 9)ConclusionIn this study, you maxim that sentences may have different communicative functions and that each of these communicative functions is expressed with a typical sentence pattern, called the declarative, interrogative, imperative or exclamatory pattern. The declarative sentence pattern is the most common and will be studied the most in this study.A typical declarative sentence gives information about a situation or event and may piss one or more participants, a process, an attribute of one of the participants, and various aspects of the setting. The sentence constituents naming these are subject, and predicate. The predicate names the process, and possibly other participants, attributes or setting. The predicate consists of a predicator, which names the process, and its complement. The complement in the clause with verbal predicate (transitive, intransitive and ditran sitive) can be a direct object and indirect object. If there is a direct object, there may also be either an indirect or benefactive object or an object attribute in the complement.English language is unlike other languages, it can employ different clause types in its sentences according to different aspects that why anyone could not talk about definit clause types without referring to all these criteria, but I think that clause can explained rather than classified.