Willy Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Sales

Willy Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a gross salesman Willy Loman, the title character of the play, Death of Salesman, exhibits all the characteristics of a modern sad hero. This essay will have got this thesis by drawing on examples from Medea by Euripedes, Poetics by Aristotle, Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, and Shakespeares Julius Caesar, while comments by Moss, Gordon, and Nourse reinforce the thesis. Death of Salesman, by Arthur Miller, fits the characteristics of classic tragedy. ?.... this is, first of all, a play about a mans death. And tragedy has from the beginning dealt with this awesome experience, regarding it as significant and moving.? (Nourse). The first defining point of a tragedy is the hero. The traits for a sad hero, as defined by Aristotle in Poetics, are social rank, hamartia, ability to arouse pity, peripeteia, hubris, and anagnorisis. Will Lomans classification as a tragic hero has been debated because he lacks the high social rank and nobility to be cons idered so. Arthur Miller chose to argue this, however, by stating that Willy Loman was ?a very brave life history who cannot settle for but mustiness pursue his dream of himself to the end,? (Moss, 27) reasserting the character of a modern hero as noble, not in position ... ... Twayne Publishers, 1967. Nourse, Joan T. Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman and All My Sons. raw(a) York, 1965. Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Elements of Literature. Ed. Edwina McMahon et al. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1997. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Elements of Literature. Ed. Robert Scholes, Nancy Comley, Carl H. Klaus, and David Staines. Toronto Oxford University Press, 1990. 714-757. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. New York capital of Delaware Publications, Inc., 1991. Clinton W. Trowbridge, Arthur Miller Between Pathos and Tragedy, Arthur Miller, ed. Harold Bloom (New York Chelsea House, 1987) Willy Loman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death SalesWilly L oman as Tragic Hero of Death of a Salesman Willy Loman, the title character of the play, Death of Salesman, exhibits all the characteristics of a modern tragic hero. This essay will support this thesis by drawing on examples from Medea by Euripedes, Poetics by Aristotle, Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, and Shakespeares Julius Caesar, while comments by Moss, Gordon, and Nourse reinforce the thesis. Death of Salesman, by Arthur Miller, fits the characteristics of classic tragedy. ?.... this is, first of all, a play about a mans death. And tragedy has from the beginning dealt with this awesome experience, regarding it as significant and moving.? (Nourse). The first defining point of a tragedy is the hero. The traits for a tragic hero, as defined by Aristotle in Poetics, are social rank, hamartia, ability to arouse pity, peripeteia, hubris, and anagnorisis. Will Lomans classification as a tragic hero has been debated because he lacks the high social rank and nobility to be considered so. Arthur Miller chose to argue this, however, by stating that Willy Loman was ?a very brave spirit who cannot settle for but must pursue his dream of himself to the end,? (Moss, 27) reasserting the character of a modern hero as noble, not in position ... ... Twayne Publishers, 1967. Nourse, Joan T. Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman and All My Sons. New York, 1965. Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Elements of Literature. Ed. Edwina McMahon et al. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1997. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Elements of Literature. Ed. Robert Scholes, Nancy Comley, Carl H. Klaus, and David Staines. Toronto Oxford University Press, 1990. 714-757. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. New York Dover Publications, Inc., 1991. Clinton W. Trowbridge, Arthur Miller Between Pathos and Tragedy, Arthur Miller, ed. Harold Bloom (New York Chelsea House, 1987)

With Reference To At Least Four Different Poems, Explore How Cultural E

With Reference To At Least Four Different Poems, Explore How Cultural identicalness Is Represented By The Various PoetsThe four poems I have selected to focus on all portray a culturalidentity in their let unique way. Wherever I hang and The Fat BlackWoman Goes Shopping, are both written by clemency Nichols, a poet ofGuinean background. I have as well as chosen to explore Dream Variation byLangston Hughes as well as Half-Caste by John Agard. I have chosenthis selection of poetry because I smelling that each poem has great meritin successfully challenging the racial disparities of the modernworld.Grace Nichols unsurprisingly tends to base her poems around theinequality between the ominous and white communities this is reflectedin her poem Taint. The poems I have chosen to investigate by her areThe Fat Black Woman Goes Shopping and Wherever I hang. I chose to allow in these poems because they are in contrast to many of her otherpoems and its content mainly comments on how white an d pitch-darklifestyles differ rather than her usual theme of black persecution.The other two poems I have chosen by the two different poets bothconcentrate more on black discrimination uniform Taint and are moresimilar to that poem, in this respect, than the two poems I chose byGrace Nichols.Langston Hughes writes a detailed analysis of the desires of theaverage Black man in his poem Dream Variation. Hughes was related toJohn Mercer Langston, who was the first Black American to be electedto public office, in 1855. Born into a family with a strong sense ofculture but a desire to be accepted, it is foreseeable that his poemreflects his aspiration of cultural freedom. Hughes usesrepresentative imagery to portray... ...e wants to live she entrust live despite allobstacles-despite all cultural differences.The four poems use various methods to convey their points, overall themost effective being the humorous approach. Grace Nichols mosteffectively conveys her cultural identity via her sarcastic andamusing method of writing. This encourages the reader to think moredeeply about the poem and understand the idea of culture identity,which could help acceptance of various cultures in Britain. Despitethis, I personally feel Half-Caste is the most striking poem,stirring emotions deeper than mere amusement. The poem allows us tounderstand how people of mixed race must feel when this term is usedand the implications of such a word. Although fairly aggressive, thispoem conveys most constructively the message of the necessity foracceptance, to whoever the reader may be.

Vincent Van Gogh :: essays research papers

&9On March 30, 1853 Vincent Van Gogh was born in the low-toned village of Groot-Zundert, Holland. When he is eleven, he begins initiateing where he starts to draw for the first time. People begin to notice how magnificent his works were, and after he finishes school he begins to sell his paintings to art dealers. Van Gogh starts spending more time with his br some other Theo. They create a deep bond with each other and discuss things, which today, help us understand Van Gogh much better. In 1873, he joins the London branch of the art dealers he originally started extinct with. He spends most of his time in museums and learns a great deal of information. He likes living in London and currently falls in do with the daughter of the owner at the boarding house where he was living at the time. He gets rejected which puts him in a deep depression, which distracts him from his work. He is soon transferred to the Paris branch of the art dealer. There is not much for him Paris so within a year he returns to London. Even though he is back in London, he is still very distracted in his work. At the same time, he becomes obsessed with bible studies. Van Gogh resigns from his fleck in 1876 and leaves for Ramsgate, England. There, he takes a job as a teacher and curates with the local minister. The more obsessive his interest in religion gets, the worse his personal and mental state get. He leaves England a year later to take up sacred studies in Amsterdam. He soon comes to an end of his formal religious studies, and travels to a small coal-mining district in Belgium. Conditions for the miners are terrible, but Van Gogh reads them the bible and gives them hope. Soon enough, he devotes all of his time to helping the miners by bringing food and clothing to the miners. Although his superiors like what he is doing, they believe that his behavior and religious belief is extreme. His position in the mining district is discontinued and he suffers great depression. In 1880 c omes the turning point of Van Goghs Life. He once again becomes interested in art and takes up progress education at the academy of Brussels. He spends time with another painter Anton Mauve who introduces him to water colors.

Electric Vehicles: :: Essays Papers

Electric VehiclesPolicy ConcernsElectric vehicles need the help of form _or_ system of government and regulations if they are to be successful. Currently, both state and the federal governments have implemented close to policies to help drive electric car technology. An example of this is the tax breaks some receive for owning an alternate fuel vehicle. However, the United States government is also precise involved in the petroleum industry. As a result the price of inunct remains artificially low and the prospect for clean air-alternate fuel vehicles even further down the road. Due to the fact that the oil industry can submit the politicians with more monetary influence, the government is still being slow on making the necessary policy adjustments that result allow this new technology to start. ace of the most major regulations is in California and is a mandate that ten percent of all new car sales in 2003 must be alternate fueled-zero emissions vehicles. However, as good as this seems it has been tried before to no result. The big car manufacturers got together and used their power to overcome this law and not create alternate fueled vehicles in the weighs that were asked by the board. Because of this the year the mandate would take effect has been pushed back over and over again. 2003 was the latest procrastination, and we will see how much happens now. There are in fact other policies that might have an effect. The Clear Air practises Amendment (CAAA) has setup a list of requirements for definite types of vehicles. These are guidelines initially setup in the 1970s by the Environmental Protection Agency. They have since been updated in 1990. They have said that a certain number of municipal fleets must be low-emission vehicles. However, these can still be run usually gas, they just must not pollute too much. The EPA has been working very hard to push vehicles that do not pollute. However, they are mostly interested in vehicles with low emissions in stead of zero. Because of this the internal combustion engine has been able to handgrip up and reduce their emissions enough to remain legal. If the EPA wanted to really make ground they would need to pass policy that will create radical qualifying due to a zero emission policy. Another set of policy that was passed by the federal government is known as the Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988 (AMFA). This is a mandate that the Department of Energy create certain guidelines that consumers can use to accurately compare alternate fueled vehicles to gas powered vehicles.

The Awakening Essay -- essays research papers

The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, tells one womans story of her attempt to awaken to her true wants and desires for her life. When Edna Pontellier spends the summer on high-flown Isle, she begins to think beyond the role of wife and mother that she has played so far. She begins to think of her egotism as a separate person with independent thoughts and feelings. Her transformation is strong and she has great trouble deciding what she really wants in life. Edna attempts to discard all of the traditional values of her life to find her independence. Confused by the new feelings these experiences bring, Ednas awakening is a failure because she does not have the necessary skills to become independent. Despite her attempts to change and embrace a new life, Edna is defeated because of her weaknesses that are symbolized in her art, the water, and her relationships with men.One of the first ways that Edna begins to find her inner self is through her painting. She definitely shows some talent a s an artist and throws herself into this new self expression. She spends epoch painting rather than spending time with her husband, children and acquaintances from the past. Even as her artistic talents develop, art becomes a symbol of failure for Edna. Edna does learn to express herself and assert her self through her art. Even though Edna learns to live through her paintings, Madame Reize sees becoming an artist as a test. She believes that becoming an artist is a test of...

The Awakening Essay -- essays research papers

The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, tells one womans story of her attempt to awaken to her true wants and desires for her life. When Edna Pontellier spends the summer on Grand Isle, she begins to think beyond the role of wife and mother that she has played so far. She begins to think of herself as a separate person with self-sustaining thoughts and feelings. Her transformation is difficult and she has great trouble deciding what she really wants in life. Edna attempts to discard all of the traditional values of her life to find her independence. Confused by the modern feelings these experiences bring, Ednas awakening is a failure because she does not have the necessary skills to become independent. Despite her attempts to change and embrace a new life, Edna is defeated because of her weaknesses that are symbolized in her art, the water, and her relationships with men.One of the first ways that Edna begins to find her inner self is through her painting. She definitely shows some talen t as an artist and throws herself into this new self verbalizeion. She spends time painting rather than spending time with her husband, children and acquaintances from the past. Even as her artistic talents develop, art becomes a symbol of failure for Edna. Edna does learn to express herself and assert her self through her art. Even though Edna learns to live through her paintings, Madame Reize sees becoming an artist as a experiment. She believes that becoming an artist is a test of...

Hazel’s business case Essay

In what ship canal are hazelnut trees customers most potential to judge the quality of her lawn care service? get along They will give near feedback regarding the cleaning after done cutting their cheat on, the duration of how long the lawn care service will be done, length of the grass should non be too long or too short, and the health condition of grass.Hazel is the operations manager of her argumentation. Among her responsibilities are forecasting, stock management, scheduling, quality assurance, and maintenance.What kinds of things would likely require forecasts?Answer put up, seasons, and maintenance.What inventory items does Hazel probably have? physical body one inventory decision she has to make periodi listy.Answer parts of knock downing machines, gas, and fertilizer. She has to make inventory decision periodically is the quantity of fertilizer.What scheduling must she do? What things might occur to disrupt schedules and cause Hazel to reschedule?Answer workers se ntencetable, mow machine, and maintenance. trim machine breakdown, workers get sick, bad weather and any emergencies happen will cause Hazel to reschedule.How important is quality assurance to Hazels business? Explain.Answer It is very important because since Hazel just started her new business which mean she does not has enough number of customers. If she wants to maintain her business, it is important to keep her composition and quality of the service in order to get repeat customers.What kinds of maintenance must be performed?Answer oil change, sharpness of the blade, and regular hinderance the mow machines engine.What are some of the trade-offs that Hazel probably addressed relative toWorking for a beau monde instead of for herself?Answer She will waste time to find a job. Since she is an employee, she will not worry lots of stuffs and she does not need to take care of so much stuffs compare to own a business.Expanding the business?Answer She can earn more profit but for do ing this, she needs a big capital to support her.Launching a clear site?Answer It costs a lot to have a web site, on the an otherwise(prenominal) hand, she can able to get new customers from other neighborhoods.The town is considering an ordinance that would prohibit putting grass clippings at the curb for pickup because local landfills cannot handle the volume. What options might Hazel consider if the ordinance is passed? Name two advantages and two drawbacks of each option.Answer Advantages 1. It can increase Hazels business because the customers would not wait the grasses grow too long to call the mow service.2. Hazel also can start a new pick up service to help the customers to collect all the grass clippings and fuddle it away.Drawbacks 1. The on the job(p) volume is increased which means Hazel needs to hire more employees to assist her.2. Hazel has to reschedule all her working hours and it might be increased her working hours compare to previous.Hazel decided to offer the students who worked for her a bonus of $25 for fancys on how to improve the business, and they provided several good ideas. matchless idea that she initially rejected now appears to hold great promise. The student who proposed the idea has left, and is currently working for a competitor. Should Hazel send that student a check for the idea? What are the possible trade-offs?Answer Yes, Hazel has to pay the student because the student had provided good ideas which help improve her business. Since the student has left and currently working for Hazels competitor, she has to make a contract that the information should not be share to anyone accept Hazels company.All managers have to know with summercater.What are the major sources of variation that Hazel has to contend with?Answer Bad weather, workers do not show up during work time, and extra jobs.How might these sources of variation impact Hazels ability to match supply and demand?Answer Hazel will has to do extra jobs and the work ing hours are not stable.What are some ways she can cope with variation?Answer Hazel can hire more part-time workers to assist her in sheath some of the workers take leave. She also can study more about weather forecast, so she can do some preparation when it is bad weather occurs.Hazel is thinking of making some of her operations sustainable. What are some ideas she might consider?Answer Hazel can do the lawn service by herself, so she can save some costing to hire workers. And she can provide friendly service, and welcome the customers give feedbacks on every service she has done.Hazel RevisitedWhat competitive advantage does hazel have over a professional lawn care service?Answer Hazel gains trustiness from her neighborhood because Hazels company is nearer and they know her for a long time, so this makes her has an advantage from a professional lawn care service.Hazel would like to increase her profits, but she doesnt believe that it would be wise to raise her prices considering the current state of local economy. Instead, she has given some thought to increasing productivity.Explain how increased productivity could be an alternative to increased prices.Answer Hazel can cut down the number of the workers to do the lawn care service and decrease her workers wages.What are some ways that Hazel could increase productivity?Answer reward her workers, establish reasonable goals for improvement, and develop their operation for efficiency.Hazel is thinking about the purchase of new equipment. One would be power sidewalk edgers. She believes adgers will lead to an increase in productivity. Another would be a chain saw, which would be used for tree pruning. What trade-offs should she consider in her analysis?Answer If Hazel purchases the new equipment, she can offer a new service to customers, which can increase her business profit.On the other hand, if she does not purchase, she does not need to spend extra maintenance fees for the new equipment.Hazel has been fair ly successful in her neighborhood, and now wants to expand to other neighborhoods, including some that are five miles away. What would be the advantages and disadvantages of doing this?Answer Advantages She can earn more profits, more new customers, and more people will know her company exists.Disadvantages The company will be more hard to handle, needs a big capital to support, and higher risk to lose her business.Hazel does not have a boot statement or a set of objectives. Take one of the following positions and defend itHazel doesnt need a formal mission statement and objectives. Many small businesses dont have them.She definitely needs a mission statement and a set of objectives. They would be highly beneficial.There may be some benefit to Hazels business, and she should consider developing one.Answer In my opinion, I will choose B. legation statement is important to every company as it gives their employees a guide line and show what is the company direction to them.

PDA Simulation Decision Essay

The score obtained for this test was 1,223,926,982. The result was relatively encouraging given the fact that it was higher than the previous score. There is an admission, however, that at that place is still room for improvement.Substanti each(prenominal)y the akin strategies were used for this test. These strategies are 1) for handheld X5 the system used was to lower its price in order to attract to a greater extent buyers and to maximize short-term profit in view of the fact that the market is mature and the return has been in market for three (3) years (Scott Allen, 2002) b) for Handheld X6 the strategy used was to allocate substantial substance for Research and victimization accompanied by an increase in its price in view of the fact that this product is being purchased for its excellent performance, high tone of voice, and attractive appearance (Ivana Taylor, 2008) c) for Handheld X7 the strategy used was to lower the price of the product in view of the fact that it is a new product which has been out only for 1 year and a significant portion of its market is still untapped but at the same time there should be an improved allocation in its Research and Development and d) products which have fully saturated their market should be discontinued.The change in strategy for this test is that changes were likewise made in the Research & Development allocation. This is due to the fact that the consumers for particular product such as for X6 and X7 were looking for quality and performance in the said items. For this reason, it would be necessary in order to meet their expectations to improve product quality and performance by allocating substantial amount for Research & Development. It must however be stressed that the increase or decrease in Research and Development must be accompanied by change in price.The result was quite pleasing as the initial goals were achieved in terms of market fecundation and improved sales. At the start of the manikin the goal of the company was to be able to attract as many new customers as possible. Following the principle of Law of Demand, the products which are being interchange to low-end customers are sold at lower prices so as to improve demand for the product.The company was willing to spend as much for the Research and Development with a view that the amount expended for the development of X6 and X7 products will redound to more customers and more sales. This was achieved for this test as the market for X5 was completely saturated. This means that X5 was sold to all potential customers. While the market was not completely saturated for X6 and X7 products, there are indications that there was substantial increase in the number of customers. For instance, for X6 products market saturation improved from 74% to 90% while for X7 products market saturation improved from 10% to 15%. This is shown in figure 1 below.

Deepest Fear

My deepest fear is fear within itself. In life there is no ill luck but only feedback. existence presented with different obstacles and making sufficient decisions in my lifes path, has made me who i am today. As a child, my family always taught me that I must(prenominal) perform to the best of my abilities as a person in order to succeed in whatever Ipursue in life. As a child growing up in Clinton Public School Districts wasnt such(prenominal) a walk in the park because success was the only picking and the key to your future.It took me a while to understand everything I was brought up against as a student there but it made me learn a prominent deal about the diversity of cultures and how others may perceive the world differently than I would. It made me understand the concept when it came to things I can manage, with others that I cannot. Being a student at Clinton High made me realize that I could do anything to my fullest potential if I put forth effort.I had also overcame t he feeling of world unloved, abused and mistreated by someone I thought cared tremendously about me. I received many awards and recognitions throughout my school years such as hardworking, dedication, good Spirit, track Awards and many more. I participated in the choir, track, basketball, the Spanish club, pure guidance club, FCA (fellowship with Christians Association), help serve at the stewpot and many more.On May 25, 2012 not only did I overcome my fear of failure and doubt but I proved everyone one whoever went up against me wrong. This was the day that I rejoiced because I gradatory from Clinton High School with a clean record, no baby and an acceptance letter to one of the top African American Schools in the state of Mississippi, capital of Mississippi State University.I believe majoring in Computer Science ordain be a great experience because I love computers and technology is my greatest strength. It will better me when it comes to dealing with things hands-on and challe nge my thinking process even more. I believe also, that majoring in Computer Science will also set up me up as a person because setbacks in ones life better prepare onefor the greater challenges that will lie ahead.

Proper Ways of Getting Student Visa

Proper expressions of getting schoolchild indorse in any dry land is real difficult but if anyone knows the terms there leave behind be no problem at all. How a assimilator will complete either adjoin in a proper behavior. Maximum disciples facet several(prenominal) tout people or we can say some tout agencies whose main subroutine is to steal money from other and specially they target the poor students about of the time. The student face hoodwinks and lost all function because they didnt know the proper way. Sometimes they face difficulties like unknown environment, money problem, house problem, college/university problem and etc.So if a student has a good knowledge of getting correct student endorse, which is very important. Thats because we are researching on this topic to collect maximum amount of correct and alleviateful information from different sources. Thesis Statement In our research paper, we are going to discuss nigh the prefatory requirements for a s tudent of student visa, different types of process of getting visa, and visa consultants suggestions and interrogates. We also include the terms and condition of getting visa of some particular country like Australia, UK, Turkey.While yielding for a student visa we guide to know what the basic requirements of a country are. There are lots of regulations but the basic or core requirements are the same for every country in the world. Education qualification, Additional qualification, Financial solvency are the three basic requirements of a student visa. While collecting information about student visa process we found this type of information from one of chosen person for interview was a Visa secretary and Public Relation Officer of Embassy of the body politic of Turkey, Sk. Haider Ali.He is working there for 24 years and an possess person at visa section. He told us To apply for a student visa, the impatient student must know the requirements those are Education qualification, A dditional qualification, Financial solvency. We search this flesh of information in the initial step. So first thing the students should remind of, he or she has to be hearty educated. Then they must provide their education certificates. At first, giving student visa there was a couple of(prenominal) rules which student had to follow, there are still rules but moderated by time by our political sympathies.A good who has very good result in his or her educational life, they will have the advantage of apply for the student visa but recently that rule is changed by collaborating both our government and the embassies of the world in our country. The recent rule is that, student can apply but in a range. For example, In German scholarship or student visa, student who have scored 4. 50 in his higher secondary school certificate is the minimum requirement. Above 4. 5 the students can apply. Then they will slow the students documents and will call for interview for final selection. There they will select the best candidate who will have scholarships or student visa. Actually student of Bangladesh search for scholarship rather than student visa because they can get benefits as a scholarship student. Then the second basic requirement is the additional qualification. Additional qualifications means that the students extra qualities like, different types of certificates, language efficiency, IELTS, TOFEL, GMET, etc. are. Student must have a IELTS or GMET to get scholarship. diametric countries ask for different score. For example, Australian Embassy asks 7. 0 as a minimum IELTS score for interested student applied for scholarships. After that, it comes financial solvency. Each and every country and embassy ask for financial solvency because if the student faces some difficulties his/her parents must have enough financial support in case of emergency. This process is mandatory for apiece and every student who fatality to apply for student visa or scholarships. F or example, one of the Australian Embassys policies is that the students parents have to show 22 lakh taka in their financial solvency.When a student wants to go abroad for higher study they must know the basic requirements of a student visa. barely only knowing them is not enough. They must have to know the proper ways of getting it. The best way to know about any kind of scholarships or student visa availability is to haggle the Embassy of the country which a student is willing to go. Then they should ask everything about requirements and other necessary things which will be needed. The steps they will tell the students are the correct. But some cases there are some agencies working with the embassy.Such as USA Embassy, UK Embassy, Italy Embassy and some other Embassies have their registered visa agencies in our country. The students can go there and find important information. Students must come to embassies to collect proper information about this kind of agencies. In this cas e, students face hoodwinks. For not knowing the correct information they face many problems. Fraud people steal money from them and dont show after a few days later. So the students first go to the embassy for information, accordingly they should ask about their having any kind of agencies. So students should be careful about this.Going to the embassy directly is the best way but there is another way of getting student visa. The agencies, they are setting a business here. Actually, some of this agencies are authorized by the government. They help the government and the students to get visa. Their job is to provide information about scholarships or student visa and the culture and other important things to the students. They collect passport and other important document from the students and send it to the embassies for visas. After that, they tell the students who get to face an interview and necessitate them to the interview.A agency like BSB Foundation is well known to all by no w. They have link to every embassy but they are able to help students sending them to Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Japan and few other countries in the world. Overseas Student Consoling Services Bangladesh, Atlas Education Consultants and different agencies are also well known in our country. There is another way a student can apply for student visa. Although, a student get to face an interview most of the time when they apply to a university and they invited him/her. Like that, student get the chance to apply before giving interview.The process is simple. Every year the embassies agencies or different countries universities or colleges come to visit Bangladesh and arranged study fair to offer them to visit their universities or colleges for higher study. There student get the most of the advantages. Students are selected their by the faculty members of the offered universities or colleges. Then, they send their documents to the embassy for visa process and they found much easier than other processes. But these kind of fairs arranged very few in our country.Specially USA, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Sweden, Germany, etc. country arrange study fair most of the times. So it is another way of getting visa and it is proper way too. But students who are interested to apply for a student visa, they must know the information very well. The suggestions are simple, if they want to go abroad, they should apply for the scholarships and visit the website of their own chosen universities or colleges. If they want to go on their own money rather than scholarships, they might face so many problems.Student visa has many formalities. Although there are rules and regulations but students face difficulties. Many students dont get the chance to apply for. It depends on the embassies. Few of the embassy dont hesitate giving student visa. But most of them dont want to give because after giving student visa, they go abroad and come on business there of their own which is illegal. Because of this reason embassies dont want to give student visa. They give student visa but not to everyone. As a matter of fact, some agencies are doing this kind of illegal business.They stay near embassies which are very popular are very crowded, they ask every single person. There students got stuck. Because they dont know they are authorized or not. Then they face hoodwink. Many agencies tell the students that they are legal but ultimately they are not. They provide visas to the students but when they go abroad they dont find anything they were told that they will find, The students who face hoodwink, they dont find themselves canvass but working for their food. So students must be careful about this kind of situation.They must collect information and solid information. What we are telling is the way and alerting the students how they will face problems. So that, they should be careful about getting visa. But recently that hoodwink is reducing because of our govern ment. They are trying everything to percentage point because most of the fraud people are from the government. The most effective step was to create the MRP (Machine Readable Passport). For this, a very little chance of facing put out for the students. In that passport everyones information is given by a number.Inputting that number they will see every detail information about a person. For that every embassies are asking the students to bring MRP Passport before visiting embassy. Due to shortage of time and some difficulties we were unable to take interviews. Actually we didnt get permission to take interviews. But we were able to take an interview. His name is Sk. Haider Ali. He is Visa Secretary & PRO of Embassy of The Republic of Turkey and a experience person at this sector and rules. We ask him, Sir, What are the basic requirements you search in students who want to go to your country with student visa? He answered, To apply for a student visa, the enthusiastic student must know the requirements, those are Education qualification, Additional qualification, financial solvency. We search this kind of information in the first step. Then, Do you search any kind of information about the students background? He replied, No, we dont because when a student applies to us they have to bring the certificates of his/her education, they must attach those documents from Education Ministry and Foreign Ministry.If they attached the documents, that means his/her documents or certificates are clear. We also asked him, Can students face difficulties when they will go there to study? If, then what kind of difficulties they might face there? He again answered, Basically who ever go there dont face many problems. The problems they might face is to cope with the environment because it is new to them, and they might also face food problem and house problem. If they got scholarship then they wont be facing these problems. What kind of suggestion do you want to give to the students who want to get student visa and want to go abroad? We again asked. The main suggestion is that, who ever want to go to abroad they first come to the embassy and ask what will be important and want kind of documents they need to show to us. Another one is that there is a lot of tout people around us, so be careful and be safe from them. If they find you, they wont let you leave without giving them lot of money. He replied.

Tradition theory and Expressive Theory

Fruitful dialogue on create verbally and learning was hampered not only by divisions between forward educators and the traditional disciplines but also by a split within progressive education itself.Two stereotypes of progressive education grew up in the 1920s and 1930s and captured, in a sense, the profound stress within the movements approach to writing, a tension that prevented Deweyan progressives from developing a coherent and persuasive substitute to the writing pedagogies of social efficiency and liberal culture.First, in that respect was the progressive as Bohemian, the self-absorbed individualist teaching children to inscribe avant-garde poetry under a tree while they neglected their spelling. subsequently, there was the progressive as parlor-pink radical, teaching children to write dissident tracts while they neglected their spelling. To those who had read their Dewey, both were gross caricatures of his philosophy and methods.Yet these stereotypes of progressive writing instruction point to the loggerheaded division in progressive thought between those who emphasized writing (and education) as a vehicle for individual self-revelation and development and those who emphasized its uses for social reconstruction and improvement.Clearly the two argon not contrary, as Deweys educational philosophy adequately demonstrated, but in the highly charged political atmosphere of the interbellum era, details of Deweyan doctrine were often lost and, in the military operation, so was the prospective for a rational progressive approach to writing in the disciplines.Maxine Hairston argued for a paradigm conjure in the teaching of writing in her The Winds of Change Thomas Kuhn and the Revolution in the Teaching of Writing. She argued that the new paradigm must focus on the writing process, a process that involves the involvement of readers in students writing during that process. She also argued that students benefit far more from small group meetings with each o ther than from the exhausting oneto-one conferences that the teachers call for (17).Clearly, the process manner of teaching writing involves reader involvement by students in the writing of their classmates. But how thriving has that intervention been in the writing that students rear? Since this part of the paradigm is as significant to teaching writing as a process, we require having some idea as to how well it has worked.Another important enchant on the promising writing process movement was the Dartmouth conference of 1966, a meeting of more or less 50 English teachers from the United States and capacious Britain to consider common writing problems. What emerged from the symposium was the awareness that considerable differences existed between the two countries on how instruction in English was viewed.In the United States, English was considered of as an academician discipline with specific content to be mastered, whereas the British focused on the personal and linguistic g rowth of the child (Appleby, 1974, p. 229). Instead of focusing on content, process or activitydefined the English curriculum for the British teacher (Appleby, 1974, p. 230)) its purpose being to encourage the personal development of the student.As Berlin (1990) noted, The result of the Dartmouth Conference was to reassert for U. S. teachers the value of the expressive model of writing. Writing is to be pursued in a free and encouraging environment in which the student is encouraged to use up in an act of self discovery (p. 210). This emphasis on the personal and private nature of composing was also marked in the recommendations of Ken Macrorie, Donald Murray, Walter Gibson, and bill Elbow.One perspective that gained distinction during the early days of the process movement was that the writing process consisted a series of sequenced, discreet stages sometimes called planning, drafting, and revising, though today they are often referred to as prewriting, writing, and rewriting. An article by Gordon Rohman (1965))

Morality of Drug Use

In his book entitled Thinking Critic wholey to the highest degree good Issues, Vincent Ryan Ruggiero formulated a criteria consisting of three elements, which criteria relates to respect for persons as a theoretical construct and a practical ethical standard for everyday decision make (Ruggiero, 78). These three criteria are obligations, honourable ideals and consequences, which are all applicable to the determination of proper conduct in relation to dose engross (Ruggiero, 79).Moral Ideals.Ruggiero explained his concept of incorrupt ideals as distinct from obligations. For him, ideals are goals that characterize excellence, which goals are aimed at by different individuals (Ruggiero, 78). In particular, and in relation to respect for persons, he discussed that moral ideals embolden a person in achieving respect for persons (Ruggiero, 80).He also explicated that moral ideals could be composed of various categories, such(prenominal) as the cardinal virtues of old and the theol ogical virtues of ghostlike thinkers. He likewise posited that moral ideals could vary from person to person, or from culture to culture (Ruggiero, 81). This is an important proposition, beca map the differences in moral ideals determine the differences in treatment habituated by each person on varying actions. Thus, one person could regard a moral ideal as more than just that, for example as an obligation that requires compliance.Applying this concept to the ethical issue of drug use, it would be concluded that the perspective could be viewed from a number of different perspectives, which also take over varying moral ideals. This means that drug use could be viewed positively or negatively by different cultures or race, depending on their respective moral ideals.For example, a population of medical practitioners such as doctors would hold on to the ideal that drug use is necessary in certain cases, such as in situations of a disease or illness that could only be cured by the a dministration of particular drugs. On the other hand, a population consisting of the religious whose faith dictates the avoidance of drugs would hold on to the exact opposite moral ideal. Thus, an ethical decision hinges on the moral ideals to which the population concerned adhere, because such moral ideals determine the kind of ethical decision that would probably be made in any given situation.Obligations.Ruggiero also discussed the notion of obligations as a criterion for determining respect for persons. His concept of obligations refers to the element of compulsion into doing a certain act, as determined by the situation involved or the affinity between or among parties (Ruggiero, 80). He likewise explained that different kinds of situations and interpersonal relations dictate the kind of obligations that are imposed on a person.Viewing drug use in the light of Ruggieros concept of obligations, drug use could be ethically justified by formulating a situation such that the admin istration or prescription of medicinal drugs and the corresponding use is seen as an obligation on the part of the doctor and the patient to maintain the latters good health and long life.Consequences.Finally, Ruggiero discussed the concept of consequences, which refer to the effects of an action on a person (Ruggiero, 81). He states that the effects could be classified into beneficial or detrimental effects, or grouped according to kind, such as whether they are physical or emotional (Ruggiero, 81).The most important aspect of Ruggieros parole of the root word is his position that the benefit or harm caused by a specific act is determined by the impact of such an act on all persons involved, including the actor (Ruggiero, 81).This criterion is relevant in the issue of drug use, because ultimately, any ethical decision on this matter hinges on its effects on the user. Therefore, drug use could be ethically justified if it is shown that there are health benefits that could favor the user or his community. On the other hand, proof that drug use only leads to individual or collective harm would tilt the favor against drug use.In sum, Ruggieros three criteria are relevant in any discussion of the morality of drug use. These criteria provide practical knowledge with regard to the things that one should be looking at, prior to making an ethical decision.Works CitedRuggiero, Vincent Ryan. Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues. 6th ed.

La Llorona, an Oral Tradition

The legend of La Llorona Lechner, J. V. (2004). Allyn & Bacon anthology of traditional literature. Boston Pearson A and B. Lyons, G. (1972). Tales the people tell in Mexico. New York J. Messner. The legend of La Llorona (The weeping woman) is a advantageously known Hispanic tale in the S outhwestern part of the United States, Mexico, Central and South America and also Puerto Rico. Many versions of the story exist allowing them to outburst the community where the story is being told. The story is about a beautiful woman named Maria from a town near the present day urban center of Monterrey, NL.Mexico. She falls in love with a hand roughly revolutionary Sergeant that was passing by during the Independence War of Mexico from Spain that occurred in the 1800s. They marry each some other and have three children, due to the traveling of the revolution her husband is always absent. One day he comes back with another women to visit his children and pays no guardianship to Maria the whole visit. In furry of the event she takes her children to a nearby river and drowns them blaming her children for her husband leaving.She hence comes to realization of the horrible mistake she has done and the water takes her kids out of her hands. She begins to yell Ay, mis hijos meaning Oh, my children and decides to kill herself. Its been told that her grief was so great that it was carried with her after death and since then she has been looking for her children in aras where water is near. It is said that every muzzy night around eleven she will wonder the area and pick up kids who are walking or outside near water. The legend is apply to scare children away from water areas at night and staying out to late.One of the characteristics that we find in the genre of legends and the story of La Llorona is that they are told and received as truths and are set in a historical point of view. Lechner says in her book that people tell legends because they often endure because they co nvey something important about the communitys values, comprehension of who they are, or concerns for their safety and well-being. It is very clear that safety is a concern when keeping the story alive of La Llorona to the children. I decided to chose The legend of La Llorona after reading the fifth chapter f the book Allyn & Vacon anthology on traditional literature because after finishing the story it reminded me of my childhood growing up in Mexico. To refresh my memory I also read Tales the people tell in Mexico, called my parents, and called my brother asking for their version of the story. Even though it is a tragical and sad story to be told I believe is a great story to keep alive telling and retelling not just among my own goal but to share it with other people whom may not be familiar with the story.I think it energy even be a great move story to be told in the middle of a woods at a bong fire and if a river or creek is nearby you might even get to hear her torturing w eeping noise of Ay mis hijos. I also had a firsthand experience with La Llorona while growing up. In a dark foggy night I decided to follow my older brother Francisco and his friends into a nearby woodlands. I had heard that they had built a secret wooden house and created a swing that was used to jump off into a small river which was the motivation of my secret following. afterward a agree of minutes of following from the distance I had lost them due to excess fog.I found myself alone in the middle of the woods when I started to hear some weeping sounds. At first those sounds were unclear and I couldnt distinguish them but as the seconds went by it sounded louder and louder until I clearly heard Ay mis hijos Ay mis hijos meaning Oh, my children I then noticed a body of a women wearing a white dress floating on top of the low fog coming in my direction, I could say that is where I developed my talent as a runner because I made it back to my house in a flash. After that I never w ondered the woods alone at nights and respected the legend of La Llorona.

Morton Handley Case Study

Morton & Handley Case Study a. What atomic number 18 the four most fundamental factors that affect the speak to of money, or the general level of hobby regularizes, in the economy? The four most fundamental factors that affect the cost of money ar production opportunities, time of consumption, venture and inflation. The interest ordinate given to savers is based on the rate of return on invested capital, savers time preferences for current versus future consumption, the lay on the lineiness of the loan, the expected future rate of inflation.High inflation and high fortune will result in high interest place. b. What is the hearty safe rate of interest (r*) and the nominal risk-free rate (rRF)? How are these two rates deliberate? The real risk-free rate of interest is the rate that would exist on default-free securities when there is no inflation. The nominal risk-free rate is equal to the real risk-free rate plus an inflation reward. The inflation bounteousness is equal to the average expected inflation rate over the life of the security into the rate they charge. These rates are measured in percentages. . Define the terminations inflation premium (IP), default risk premium (DRP), fluidness premium (LP), and adulthood risk premium (MRP). Which of these premiums is included when determining the interest rate on (1) short-term U. S. exchequer securities, (2) pertinacious-term U. S. Treasury securities, (3) short-term corporate securities, and (4) long-term corporate securities? Explain how the premiums would spay over time and among the different securities listed. Inflation premium is a premium added to the real risk-free rate of interest to compensate for potential inflation.The default risk premium is a premium based on the probability that the person who issues the loan will not follow through this is measured with the difference mingled with the U. S. interest rate on a Treasury bond and a corp. bond of equal maturity date and marketabil ity. A liquid asset can be sold at a predicted price in a short amount of time. A liquidity premium is added to the rate of interest on securities which are not liquid. The maturity risk premium reflects the interest rate risk. abundant-term securities have more interest rate risk than short-term securities and the maturity risk premium is added to represent the risk.Short term long term treasury securities include an inflation premium. Long-term treasury securities also contains a maturity risk premium. Short-term rates on corporate securities are equal to the real-risk free rate plus premiums for inflation, liquidity and default risk. Premiums will alter based on the financial strength of the caller and the degree of liquidity. Long term rates on corporate securities includes a premium for maturity risk. Corporate securities typically founder the greatest gains out of the four types of securities. . What is the term structure of interest rates? What is a submit convolute? The term structure of interest rates is the relationship between interest rates, or getting evens, and maturities of securities. A topic incline shows the relationship between bond conducts and maturities. e. Suppose most investors expect the inflation rate to be 5% next year, 6% the pursuance year, and 8% thereafter. The real risk-free rate is 3%. The maturity risk premium is zero for bonds that mature in 1 year or less and 0. 1% for 2-year bonds then the MRP increases by 0. % per year thereafter for 20 old age, after which it is stable. What is the interest rate on 1-, 10-, and 20-year Treasury bonds? Draw a yield curved shape with these data. What factors can explain why this constructed yield curve is upward(a) sloping? Average expected inflation rate over year 1 to year 20 Yr. 1 Interest Premium= 5% Yr. 10 IP= (5+6+8+8+8+8+8+8+8+8)/10= 7. 5% Yr. 20 IP= (5+6+8+8+8+8=8+8+8+8+8+8+8+8+8+8+8+8+8+8)/20 =7. 75% Maturity risk premium in each year Yr. 1 MRP= 0% Yr. 10 MRP= . 1% x 9 = 0. 9% Yr. 20 MRP= . 1% x 19 = 1. 9%Sum the IPs and MRPs, and add real risk-free rate r*=3% Yr. 1 rRF= 3%+5%+0%= 8% Yr. 10 rRF= 3%+7. 5%+. 9%= 11. 4% Yr. 20 rRF= 3%+7. 75%+1. 9%= 12. 65% The shape of the curve depends on the expectations about future inflation and relative riskiness of securities with different maturities. In this situation the yield curve would be sloping upward which is because of the expected increase in inflation and maturity risk premium. f. At any given time, how would the yield curve facing a abdominal aortic aneurysm-rated company compare with the yield curve for U. S. Treasury securities?At any given time, how would the yield curve facing a BB-rated company compare with the yield curve for U. S. Treasury securities? Draw a graph to illustrate your answer. The AAA rated curve, the BB rated curve and the U. S. treasury curve are all parallel to each other. The BB rated accumulates the most interest rate, then comes the AAA company and then the U. S. treasury . The yield normally slopes upward because short term interest rates are typically lower than long term interest rates. Corporate yield curves will always be above government yield curves. The riskier the corporation the higher the yield curve.The distance between the corporate yield curve and the treasury curve increases as the corporate bonds rating decreases. g. What is the pure expectations supposition? What does the pure expectations supposition imply about the term structure of interest rates? The pure expectations theory is the theory that investors establish bond prices and interest rates on the sole basis of expectations for interest rates. The term structure of interest rates describes the relationship between long and short term rates. The investors are apathetic about maturity expectations of short-term and long-term bonds.The investors perceive long-term bonds to be riskier than short-term. h. Suppose you observe the following term structure for Treasury securities M aturityYield 1 year6% 2 yrs. 6. 2% 3 yrs. 6. 4% 4 yrs. 6. 5% 5 yrs. 6. 5% r on 1 yr. securities one year from now (1. 062)2= (1. 06)(1 + X) 1. 1278= (1. 06)(1 + X) 1. 1278/1. 06= 1 + X 6. 4%= X **Securities will yield 6. 4% r on 3 yr. securities two years from now (1. 065)5= (1. 062)2(1 + X)3 (1. 065)5/(1. 062)2= (1 + X)3 1. 3701/1. 1278= (1 + X)3 (1. 2148)1/3 1= X 6. 7%= X. **Securities will yield 6. 7%

Manufacturing Technology Essay

The automated systems was best said on my end. Transfer machines, cell phones and other automated devices ar used to set a communication establishment upon anyone. Its any about producing faster and having more(prenominal) efficiency in the industrial world. They also help reduce costs such as a bank you have ATMs rather than having a clerk or 2 intervention your withdrawals and deposits. You also have development of apps. These apps can take pictures of your checks and deposit them from there. Also manage your accounts with channelises and payments. Its claimed that many human interactions really dont require the human touch to it, which is true. Transfers of virtual products and or exchange dont need to be manually human handled. The word has been developed this year, which defiantly entrust have a fair and accurate persuasion on the manufacturing engineering that we have in question now.Timings, R., & Wilkinson, S. (2000). Manufacturing Technology (2nd ed.). 1061-2890, Harlow, Essex Longman.In this book we come across specific detail about percentage-wise wholes in how some(prenominal) costs were reduced at the time of the demoraliseup in manufacturing technology. It claimed that all manufacturing technology orders dropped 20.4% at the start of its creation and then suddenly rose 9.8% later that year. Every year since then theres been a 3% up raise since the start of it all. Having it being written 15 years ago I am heavily against this book, just due to the fact of how much our technology has travel. The book shows how transfer machines argon being held against in the workload and reducing the efficiency of work from its employees which is just a cosmic key factor in communication. With the advancement in technology this has got to be a joke. Almost all technology is set in touch screen adaptations, faster ram processors, and larger memories to keep companies miserable and cost efficient.Blaedel, K. L. SciTech Connect Manufacturing Technol ogy. SciTech ConnectManufacturing Technology. USDOE, 1 Feb. 1997. Web. 20 Jan. 2015. This set article claims that there are 4 projects that led to the main forepart of manufacturing technology. It details exactly how they got to developing such a vast movement at the time which we could easily set apart from our age having it being published over 10 years ago. It shows exactly how to develop an understanding of fundamental fabrication process.Heap, J. (2004). International daybook of productiveness and Performance Management (Vol. 57, pp. 156-176). Bradford, England Emerald Group. This book had several findings of out SMEs had an early development progress against productivity and performance management throughout different AMTs. It shows the different effects in management and what manners they had at the time to reduce operation costs and team efficiency.Acquisition of Manufacturing Technology. (2013). MENA Report, Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.er au.edu/docview/1419103734?accountid=27203Throughout this article we the write to unwrap what acquisitions were involved to establish the different types of manufacturing technology in our more in the altogether-made industry. Our updated technologies have claimed to make our recent years more cost efficient and productive by over 150% I am all up with this article because it has its cited facts and its only 2 years from our current date, so this would be my most supported article just due to the date it was created.Milgrom, P., & Roberts, J. (1990). The economics of Modern Manufacturing Technology, strategy, and organization. The American Economic Review, 511-528. In this scholarly article, we learn the economics of modern manufacturing and what came with the update at the time and how it was processed and underwent a revolution. The scholarly article stated that the mass production model is being replaced by a mass of a flexible multiproduct firm that emphasizes quality and sp eedy response to market conditions while utilizing technologically advanced equipment and new forms of organization. This was the start of a new branch in observing what could be replaced and updated with technology. I do enjoy seeing the central difference of how technology has shaped the workplace with time.Doms, M., Dunne, T., & Roberts, M. J. (1995). The Role of Technology expend in the Survival and Growth of Manufacturing Plants. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 13(4), 523-542. In this scholarly article, we come to stigmatize the relationship between principal strength, how we use to come across the usage of manufacturing technology and what growth range it came with. It stated that the main findings at the time had a mindset of high progression rates against technology would have a far less development and production failure.Tracey, M., Vonderembse, M. A., & Lim, J. S. (1999). Manufacturing Technology and Strategy Formulation Keys to Enhancing combat and Improving Performance. Journal of Operations Management, 17(4), 411-428. When coming across this article we see how the main set of technology was set and how that generation at the time had evolved it into a more competitive and healthier implement. As stated, additive Structural Equation Analysis results show that the relationships between a firms practices in these devil areas and its competitive capabilities are found to be statistically significant and positive, which shows me they had their own strategic use in which they followed to test out their performance and which ways they could use to improve the marketing satisfaction.Shepherd, D. A., Mcdermott, C., & Stock, G. N. (2000). Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 11(1), 19-33. inside10.1016/S1047- 8310(00)00019-5 We come to the instruction of AMTs and how their benefits improved our workload and consumer satisfaction. This article shows the specific studies in how AMTs were tested and outweighed the beneficial manufacturing firms in all over the world. The flexibility and higher efficiency claims from them outsourced many operational downfalls to provide advantage across the marketplace. Cho, K. (1993). Manufacturing Technology in Korea. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 12(3), 216-222. doi10.1016/0278-6125(93)90331-M Set across this article we have a different perspective having most of us merry in the United States.With 32 set studies across this article it has been set that they have had an establishment of implementing topical anesthetic manufacturers across the nation with the support ofeducational programs in technology and engineering. A different set perspective against the U.S. showing us how other countries had a different goal with maintaining manufacturing technology. Anonymous. (2011, ). TECHNOLOGY MANUFACTURING HEALTH CARE. Daily denote (Arlington Heights, IL) This article was interesting to me to see the perspective of how manufacturi ng technology affected the health care industry.With 2 new infirmarys opening up in other countries, hospitals have set out ads over the radio and television set to help drivers understand the dangers of texting while driving and the rising amount of drivers ending up in the hospital from being distracted behind the wheel. I did enjoy reading this because I do commute 80 miles a day to work on the highway and easily see how much people are distracted behind the wheel. I wouldnt know this new advancement in technology has caused such an uprise in car accidents, enough to open new hospitals around the world.

Effective pain relief in postoperative patients Essay

Pain is physiological mechanism and a means of the body alert the person intimately either currently present or impending damage to it. It cigaret be defined as the unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential damage (Gelinas, 2004). Consequently, the words annoying has also been use interchangeably with incommode in the past and can be defined as a negative affective and/or physical state subject to variation in magnitude in response to internal or environmental conditions (Gelinas, 2004). Pain is a very authoritative fate in c be of the surgical diligents, both preoperative and chain mail operative.Surgery itself afflicts large amounts of trauma on the patient. The paroxysm that the patient has to incur afterwards adds his anxiety takes and stresses the body. Lack of or inadequate amounts of disquiet worry by the staff, impacts the patients healing process. Their mobility and in the long terms their duration of hospital stay is also a ffected. It is important that, for optimal patients health way and care, a means tool must be available to total the patients offend assessment and relief requirement through pharmacological and non pharmacological means.Little research has been through with(p) to properly assess and document the prevalence of distress and its focussing protocols in post operative patients. The pain rack up systems are available to attempt to quantify pain and manage it accordingly. These immanent ones include the flavorless rating scales (CRS) in which patient rates pain from No to mild moderate or severe. some other one is the Visual Analog score (VAS) where the individual scores are placed on a 10-cm line where the left anchor designate is labeled no Pain and the right anchor point is labeled worst possible pain.Since every patient has a varying threshold for pain, and requires varying levels of drugs, to over come the pain, it is better for on that point to be both a subjective indica tor for pain as well as an objective one, that is to say, that the nurses an also assess how much pain the patient is in, by utilise a tool she is provided with. Cardiac surgery is a major thoracic surgery and patients post operatively require lot analgesics to manage pain so that their morbidities associated with pain (like pain in breathing, base on balls etc) can be eliminated.Usually morphine is used for the purpose of pain relief but there are indications that Fentanyl can perform a similar relief without much of the side effects associated. at that place needs to be some nidus into this theory. This can be achieved by placing 2 similar populations of mature plug-iniac patients who have just undergone cardiothoracic surgery on morphine or Fentanyl. As is the standard process nowadays, property indicators, both subjective and objective can be used.The VAS pain scoring card can be provided to the patients for them to record the different levels of pain that they feel. The n urses would be provided with indictors to record objective findings which can debate pain. These can be physiological and behavioral indicators. The physiological indicators can be clustered into cardiovascular, respiratory and intellectual responses (Gelinas, 2004). Pain associated responses would include tachypnea in respiratory, tachycardia and increased blood pressure in cardiac and raised ICP in cerebral responses. afterward assessment of the pain levels with the pure tone indicators, the pain management drugs will be administered and subsequently the subjective and objective pain assessment will be repeated to enter which drugs effects were greater and lasted longer. A study conducted by Celine Gelinas on critically ill incubated patients, to find out what are the protocols and tools used to assess pain management are and if the patients were being given effective relief. He used subjective as well as objective tools. The results revealed that physicians placed no role in documenting pain in patients.Most of the reporting was done by nurses and the patients. It was also noticed that nurses assessment of pain was much less than that reported by the patients themselves. The research concluded that the documentation overall about the pain and its management was incomplete in general with little attention being given. The research also famed that even after being notified about the pain, its effective management only took place 60 pct of the time. (Gelinas, 2004). In and interventional study conducted by Francoise Bardiau in 2003, the quality indicators e. g. VAS were introduced in the surgical and anesthesia department. by and by a written report of assessment of knowledge of nurses, VAS to assess pain was the nurses worked to improve pain management. After further surveys, it was noted that initiation of programs to setting of quality indicators improves the overall pain management system. (Bardiau, F. , M, 2003) Idvall E tried and true a 5 point s cale to measure the effects of quality indicator maintain pain relief measurements.The results suggest initial support for the new instrument as a measure of strategic and clinical quality indicators in postoperative pain management, but it must be further refined, tested and evaluated. Idvall E 2002) a multidisciplinary program development was introduced base on evidence based medicine to focus on construction of proper management protocols to accomplish clinician as well as patient based pain relief programs The results suggest that addressing pain management through a variety of strategies targeted at the level of the institution, the clinician, and the patient may lead to desired changes in practice and better outcomes for patients. . Bedard, D (2006).A survey conducted on post operative cardiac ICU patients, about their pain experiences revealed that despite the pain management regimes in place nowadays, the pain frequencies, and intensities were the same as they were more th an a decade ago. Pain management is a vital component of patient care. Quality of pain management can only be assessed through proper indicators. These can be multimodal. The patient populations on which these indicators can be applied are preoperative and postoperative patients. nominate operative cardiac patients under breast feeding care can service well from implementation of quality indicators such as VAS. In the nursing profession subjective scoring by the patients themselves enables the nurses to manage the pain properly. This will lead to quicker recovery by the patients and earlier discharge. In the long term this means leads financial implications on the patients due to reduced hospital stay. Also nursing work load gets reduced as the patient tern over is increased. The healthcare cost gets reduced. A Post operative pain management (POP) project was conducted in 2003.A nationwide survey was done to see the implementation of quality improvement projects in the field of pai n management, it was noted that more than 70% of the hospitals were reportedly satisfied with the implementations and the outcomes of the quality improvement programs. Based on the analysis, it is noted that on the positive side, proper implementations of the quality indicators and improvement programs in the healthcare system and especially in the ICU and surgical wards, the patients stay can become quite comfortable.The stay can be reduced and the cost of healthcare to the system, the insurance companies, and the patient themselves can be reduced. In the other hand we can clearly see that by using the indicators we in effect are placing more workload on the nurses. If the subjective VAS and the objective physiological changes in the patient has to be monitored regularly just to assess the pain levels, a lot of quality time will be wasted.This time could have been used to tend to more critical patients. presently the question arises if it is worth the effect to implement the QI pr ograms. The answer would lie in Force field analysis and the Lewins theory. If the benefits out way the set backs, we can implement the system. The idealistic thing would be that we assess the pain management needs of each department of the health care system and implement the QIs in the ones in which the implementation benefits out way the costs.

Real Estate Bubble in China: the Present and the Future

The concern everywhere whether main trim back mainland China is experiencing a truly acres bubble has increased, especially after Dubai crisis happened. The construction argona of two residential and commercial properties has increased by al well-nigh 6 times since year of 2000. China has enjoyed a sharp increase in prop price since 2006. Especially, after 2009, due to the large stimulus package, legal age of the money went to construction and accredited country industry. It further pushed up the post price, leading to a vauntingly bucks families became the slave of the quality who were struggled to cook up the owe.Not save the high price has goed most battalions lives in China, it could also greatly affect Chinese thriftiness and thus far the global economy. Domestically, the successfulness of real the three estates industry is fuelled by local anesthetic anesthetic investing funds and behind band loan. According to MSN Money, on that point is an increase of 38. 2% from 2010 in airplane propeller commercialise , mainly from developers and speculators. The scale of loans goes to property market is tied(p) more scary, up to $1. 3 trillion. People devour compared the real estate bubble of China to the joined States. The psyche is go out Chinese property bubble has the similar effect?Fortunately, the difference between China and the United States are quite striking. The factors lead to the collapse of property market in United States go out un standardisedly to happen. In China, a country with high saving rate, nation used to buy property in cash 4 or 5 years ago. point in the heyday of residential mortgages, the loan is not as easy as in the U. S. Down payment amount is more than higher than in the U. S. A decline of 20 to 30 % in prices result not permit the bubble burst in China. In conclusion, the burst of real estate bubble is not easy in China and, if happened, bequeath cause limited effect to the world economy.In this pape r, I will try to present the whole picture of Chinese real estate market from the current speckle to how it evolves, and will touch on the future as well. This will be achieved with the help of some(prenominal) information and the explanations of ratios. Section II A Real Estate Bubble in China? The first question rents to be answered is that is there a real estate bubble in China? Since political relation tries to avoid this sensitive word bubble, and entropy are not reliable. People have to gauge them out and estimate how large the bubble is. Bubble is believed to exist in many study cities of China.For example, in Beijing, real estate prices rose by 350% to 900 % only in 7 years from 2003 to 2010(Figure 1). Other indicators of real estate bubble have reached an alarming status in China in many major cities, including Beijing, Shanghai , Nanjing , Hangzhou and so on. The even striking fact in China is that you can hear stories active free cities very often. China has the second largest mall empty in southeast China, and modern empty city in Ordos. These are only the cases that you know and easy to identify. However, more empty streets or blocks are in the cities, waiting for passel to move in.Ghost City Ordos the famous empty city in China is Ordos, which is located in the north part of China. Ordos is the second richest city in China, followed by Shanghai, even richer in term s of per capita than Beijing. The city is rich because of abundant natural resources. One sixth of Chinas coal reserve, one third of it is natural gap reserves. The GDP has increased at 25% per year, much higher than the national level. With such a huge amount of money, local government wants to extract more people to stay in Ordos. This is how the empty city comes from.The new city was designed to restrain 300, 000 people, with a capacity of holding 1 billion people. Currently, you can hardly see any people on the street, even though most of the properties have been sold out. Surprisingly, the city is still under construction. The local government still believes that they can fill in the new city soon. Unfortunately, the stories about empty cities have been repeated on and on in China. This has been interpreted as a sign of over investment and real estate bubble.In the case, the apartments have all been sold out, even though nobody moves in. ecause most people believe that property will grow definitely. For investment pur stick to, most of them prefer to buy one. This mannikin of behavior has contri saveed to the high nothingness rate in China, steep Vacancy Rate since official data are not reliable, the concrete number of vacancy rate is not available from official sources. The cause for this has been that government officials said that, they dont know what vacancy rate means. Obviously, government is trying to avoid knowing the fact. Somehow, people have provided a rough estimate on the vacancy rate.They are using how many electric automobile meters that have no readings for 6 months as an indicator of vacancy rate. Overall, we got a number of 65. 4 million apartments. It is estimated that the vacancy rate is as high as 36%. With such a high vacancy rate, people are wondering how large the real estate bubble in China will be. James S. Chanos, one of the first foresee the collapse of Enron and earn large profit from hedge fund, gave the answer, it will be Dubai times 1000. A growing number of economists and hedge funds managers have been believed that Chinese economy is a big bubble.Others argue that China is definitely not a bubble, the development is real. there is heat in some expanse, but infrastructure construction is still necessary to a country like China with such a huge population. Still, a lot people live in area without roads. The film of properties is still more than the supply of apartments, due to the urbanization and economic ripening. The pent up motive from city dwellers for better living condition , in the future, will convert to real development in economy.Even in 2009, when residential property prices enjoy a high fluctuation, the construction area has increased by 40. 7%, largely due to the central governments stimulus financial package. Figure 4 Section III , What are the forces that push up the price? In China, it is more than market demand and supply that determine the price . Local government, individual investors, and central banks are also involved, which make the let go more complicated. Recent years increase in property price has created an impression that real estate market will keep growing in the future.Unfortunately, this is also the belief in the U.S. real estate market which, ultimately, results in economic recession. Thus, almost everybody bet on the future of real estate market. In this section, I will analyze both the market reasons and social factors that contribute to present situation in China. In terms of market demand, the demand for property comes f rom two kinds of groups. One is from the new migrants from rural places in China. Another is from local residences who want better living condition. Due to the urbanization process and economic growth in recent years, the demand will increase in the long term.This has been part of the reason why investors bet on the market growth. At the same time, governments and real estate developers have made an endeavor to supply enough apartments to meet the increasing demand. According to Macroeconomic principle , it seems that these have been enough to develop the fact. In an emerging country, political issues are unavoidable in any sense. Land sales have become an essential resource of local governments revenue which means high property price shares the burden of high land-use right. In China, people dont buy land instead they are rental land for a certain amount of time.Normally, it is 70 years. In this sense, you are renting the land or buy the right to use the land for 70 years. Becau se of the conflict of interest, local governments are not earnest in applying the central governments price control policies. In order to facilitate the transaction, local governments even requires very low upfront. Question concerning this will be further mentioned in the next part. It has shown that in Beijing and Hangzhou, land sales have accounted for more than 30% of tax revenue. Thus , local potence has less incentive to tackle the problem.Only average home buyers bear the cost of high property price. Individual investors and state-owned companies made things worse as well. Since state-owned companies normally have much solid financial foundations than cloistered companies, they are more likely to win the land sales bid. It was shown in Beijing that 82 % of land auctions are won by SOEs. These large firms are owned by central government, so in turn, if SOEs didnt win the auction or real estate market suffer a big crisis , both the SOEs and central authority will be touch on . This has encourage local government to cooperate with SOEs.For individuals, they store apartments, waiting for a moment when real estate price goes even higher. Earning quick money is all their purpose. High vacancy rate can explain the situation. Section IV, How Real Estate bubble will affect Chinas economy? Unlike other industries, real estate industry affects not only the industry itself but also social safety, political stability and financial stability in China. There are mainly two types of risk that will threaten the development of Chinas economy, namely, handsome mortgage policy for individuals and corporate.Mortgage loans are relatively new to Chinese residence. Most people pay cash to buy property instead of real estate loans. However, it grows almost 50% per year. The proportion of mortgage loans in nominal GDP has increased by 5 % in just one year. When big fluctuation of property price happens, it is likely that bulk of property owners benefit will be affected from t wo perspectives. First of all, it will mean the shrink of the value of lifetime saving. As property is the largest investment of most families, the decline of price is also the shrink of their wealth.Secondly, households will become more conservative in investing in the future. People will spend less money on consumption and dedicate more money into banks instead. On the other hand, individual and corporate mortgage loans will also pose a threat to the banking system. For individuals, mortgage loans are relatively new. Chinese used to pay cash for their properties. Nowadays, mortgage loans have enjoyed a 50% increase in just one year. When property price declines, the majority of loan owners will have difficulty in paying the mortgage. When it comes in a large scale, clandestine banks can go bankrupt.Due to some negotiation between different groups, real estate developers dont need to pay the full amount of bidding price, instead they only need to pay a diminutive portion to get the right to use the land. To be specific, if a firm wins a bid which price 5 billion RMB, only one-tenth of the full amount need to be paid initially. Whats more, firm can get a loan from banks by using the land as a collateral at the amount of 2. 5 billion. It is clear that firms dont take as much risk as we thought and they can use the extra money to invest in biding for more land.Whenever there is market fluctuation or crisis, these firms and banks will definitely have a difficult time. Conclusion Opinion diverts in interpreting overheating in construction industry. Some believe that China has a real estate bubble and it will burst soon. Others disagree, thinking this is an exaggeration of the problem of overheating investment in real estate industry in some areas. Personally, with the evidence mentioned above, real estate bubble does exist in China. However, the real demand is there as well.Most of the problems come from over investment in some areas. Resource misallocation lea ds to the unreasonable increase in property value. More market liberalization and less state-owned companies deal in the industry will help solve the problem. The importance of property even relates to marriage. There is an name in New York Times, titled In China, Money can buy Love. Owning a property has become the condition for marrying to somebody. If property price jumps dramatically, not only the economy will be affected, but also social well-being.

Illicit Drug Use during Pregnancy Essay

Drug exploitation in maternal quality is an elaborate public health problem with conceivably serious conflicting effects for the mother, the fetus and spreading to the developing child. When a mother becomes enceinte, it is important to her kids health that she has a healthy lifestyle. This includes eating plenty of nourishing foods, getting a befitting amount of rest and exercising normally. For a pregnant cleaning lady, gestation period substance abuse is twice as dangerous because not only is it affecting her, its overly affecting the baby thats inside of her. Drugs may harm her own health, which will intervene with her ability to support the maternalism also some medicates squeeze out directly reduce prenatal development.All sinful drugs pose a danger to pregnant woman, even up legal substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and prescription drugs are dangerous to woman that are expecting. As many as one in ten babies may be born to woman that use illegal and prescription drugs while being pregnant. ( Kallen, Bengt 2009) Alcohol consumption and illegal drug abuse is intensely mentally ill during pregnancy and therefore pregnant woman should admire their value to their child and never exploit them.Studies shown in 2008 that the amount of babies born to drug fleeceed mothers has almost doubled since 2003. Pregnant mothers rescue been using drugs during pregnancy for decades without knowing the effects it push aside have on their child. Even though many people wear that illicit drugs used by pregnant mothers cause no harm to the fetus there have been studies shown otherwise. If a mother uses cocaine in the early stages of pregnancy it cigarette increase the risk of a miscarriage, when it is used later in pregnancy cocaine usage can send to muscle spasm, aliment difficulties and sleeplessness. Cocaine has many street names such as crack, b scurvy, snow, and coke. It is highly addictive and it is a commutation nervous system stimulant.Cocaine comes from a plant that has been used for thousands of years in the most part of the world, it comes from the coca leaf and it is the most dangerous stimulants of the natural origin. The drug can be injected, snorted, or smoked. It increases the addicts blood pressure, body temperature and heart rate. The risks that cocaine may cause to a pregnant woman are respiratory failure, heart attacks, nausea, seizures and also abdominal pain. Sudden death may also go across to first time users, because the body is not use to the adrenalin the drug is giving it.When a pregnant woman uses cocaine it crosses through the placenta and circulates through the fetuss body, fetuses eliminate cocaine from their bodies much slowly then adults do. In assertive rare chances perinatal cerebral infraction associated with cocaine use has also been known to happen, this drug decreases uttering blood flow and increases maternal blood pressure. When placental abruption happens it can lead to preterm birth, sever e bleeding and even a fatal death. Studies show that woman who use cocaine during pregnancy are at least twice and likely as other woman to have a premature baby, since cocaine cuts the flow of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, the baby may be much smaller at birth than it would be otherwise. Physically cocaine exposed babies tend to have smaller head which indicates a smaller brain. Post pregnancy babies of woman who use cocaine regularly during pregnancy are amid three and six times more likely to be born at a low birth fish, less than 5.0 pounds than babies who do not use the drug.Pre-mature birth is caused by low birth weight and can be caused by poor growth before birth. Low-birth weight babies are 20 times more likely to die in their first month than normal weight babies are. The babies that actually support are at an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation, cerebral palsy, opthalmic and hearing impairment. In the USA, the 2004 Survey on Drug role and Health showed that 5% of American women inform the use of an illicit drug during pregnancy. In the UK, national estimates for pregnant drug users are lacking, but studies handle that approximately a third of drug users in treatment are female and over 90% of these women are of childbearing age (1539 years of age). A study comparing the profiles of pregnant drug users presenting to a perinatal addictions service in London (UK) found illicit heroin use (38%), followed by cocaine use (24%) as primary drugs of abuse, with poly substance use common. (Rashekhar MoorthyMadgula, MD 2011)Pregnancy should be interpreted seriously and one should implement a healthy lifestyle to keep them and their unborn child safe. A pregnant womans lifestyle habits as well as her partners can severely affect the health of their unborn baby. If the pregnant woman and her spouse have already taken these actions into consideration it should be continued throughout the entire pregnancy. It is never t oo late for a pregnant woman to start thinking about making behavioral changes or having withdrawals. Staying acting during pregnancy can only have a positive effect on the baby and the expecting mother with providing her feeling more energy and developing a healthy lifestyle.ReferencesBabyCentre Medical Advisory Board (2014, July). Illegal drugs in pregnancy BabyCentre. Retrieved from http//www.babycentre.co.uk/a541318/illegal-drugs-in-pregnancy Health and Pregnancy (n.d.). Drug Use and Pregnancy. Retrieved 2009, from http//www.webmd.com/baby/drug-use-and-pregnancy Klln, B. (2009). Drugs during pregnancy. New York Nova Biomedical Books. Narconon (2013). Drug Use During Pregnancy. Retrieved from http//www.drugrehab.co.uk/drug-use-pregnancy.htm Using Illegal Drugs During Pregnancy American Pregnancy. (2011, May). Retrieved from http//americanpregnancy.org/pregnancyhealth/illegaldrugs.html

Unit 2 ip Presentation Essentials Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Unit 2 ip Presentation Essentials - designation ExampleScientists believe that there should be some ways to produce more diet to jut all the people and considered artificial methods to produce food. A unique method known as genetically modified food is developed by the scientists that raised the center of food produced by the farmers but umteen people are against the modifications in the food sector. However, modification in the food items is also brought by the environmental change and shortage or abundance of water resources. In the similar way, the manipulation of toxic pesticides and inorganic nominate foods also become a reason in the modification of food products.The linkage between the world(a) warming and the modification of bonds the human health. As the worlds food demand is increasing and the economic consumption of artificial methods is rising, the number of people that die with the lack of food is increasing (Kelly, 2012). The major cause is that the food produc er is runs a business and in order to attain certain economic benefits in a short period of time, it become the necessity for the food produces to utilize the artificial methods to produce food.There is acquire to bring sustainability to the food industry. There is a need to plant vegetables, fruits and crops at homes, even a short effort can make a difference. The utilization of natural methods to produce food like the utilization of natural fertilizers like vegetable residue, dried leaves and wastes from humans and animals could be utilized as the natural fertilizer (Environment. nationalgeographic.com, 2012). Natural processes not only sustain the soil to retain its strength in retaining good minerals and fertilizers for the plant but also help the soil to retain water for longer periods. In this way, natural processes help to bring sustainability in the food sector.The major reason impacted the food is the increase in the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide that influenced th e

Paramilitarism Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paramilitarism Project - Essay guinea pig1997 pp 1-18)The first kn profess paramilitary law enforcement unit dates back to the Roman Empire as betimes as the year 6 A.D. (Sommerfield 2006) Originally made up of freed slaves, the grouping was formed for the sole draw a bead on of protecting the Roman cities from fire, the groups number and powers grew. Eventually free civilians joined their ranks and this law enforcement group elevated to elite status. (Sommerfield 2006)One hundred years later, policing evolved into a head of state function across Europe. Lords and aristocratic figures often establish representatives to maintain order. The English Saxons were similarly constructed. Citizens were divided into groups often called tythings, each of which was headed by a tything man. (Sommerfield 2006) The tything groups were each part of a larger group that reported to a Shire-reeve from which the word sheriff originates.The Norman feudalism system witnessed a further revolution of the policy strategy. The tything man evolved into the parish constable who was accountable to the Sheriff who in turn evolved into the Justice of the Peace. (Sommerfield) By the 17th century policing strategies were firmly established. The police system primarily consisted of guards who were appointed from among the general citizenry. They were employed without compensation to watch the city gates and patrolled the streets on foot.As times changed, populations and stinting structures grew to a point where this form of policing was no longer practical. As a result the first late day police force was formed. This notoriety belongs to the London metropolitan Police. Formed in 1829, the London Metropolitan Police became a model for which many commonwealth countries, inclusive of the United States of America would form their own police force. (Metropolitan Police)Paramilitary policing is not something that only came to fruition in recent years. Throughout history, there has constantly been a

Industrial Applications of Computers Case Study

Industrial Applications of Computers - Case Study ExampleProfitable papermaking means continuous production with marginal deviations from quality specifications. While steady-state confine performance is essential, the elimination of waste during transitions such as changes of grades and break recoveries is where the sterling(prenominal) economic gains can be achieved. As production rates rise, often stretching the design electrical capacity of the paper machine, Quality accommodate Systems (QCS) allow the company to improve the efficiency and quality of the production. This is evident from the world-shaking new developments in quality standard and control since the introduction of cross direction (CD) control seen in the past years since the 1970s.For posterboard manufacturing using the paper machines, it is necessary to establish the control system that provides a racy-mix, low-volume product production. Control parameters are the key component of optimizing the operation, and so the paperboard company should dig an pass on performing QCS. In many cases, the control parameters of paperboard production facilities are normally fixed to the identical value using a typical product. Many of these paper production facilities operates in a blue mix, low-volume condition because the equipment are consolidated and diverse products are produced to satisfy the end users request. Moreover, the paperboard production equipment is often disturbed by the processes of feed preparation or by adjunct systems. It is for this causality that the control parameters require optimization.... Control parameters are the key component of optimizing the operation, and so the paperboard company should consider an advanced performing QCS. In many cases, the control parameters of paperboard production facilities are normally fixed to the same value using a typical product. Many of these paper production facilities operates in a high mix, low-volume condition because the equi pment are consolidated and diverse products are produced to satisfy the end users request. Moreover, the paperboard production equipment is often disturbed by the processes of feed preparation or by auxiliary systems. It is for this reason that the control parameters require optimization by deploying a plug-and-play quality control system. Plug-and-play Quality Control System Network Diagram The plug-and-play QCS is a cost effective tool that is used to monitor and control the processes of producing the paperboards. The QCS will consist of a scanner that is driven by a logic controller that is programmable, measurement sensors that are network-ready and a station for operations which is connected to a high speed Ethernet network. The architecture provides unlimited connectivity that helps in configuring the system as part of the mill wide distributed control system for full desegregation into the business network (Oloufa & Thomas, 1999). The configured system featured an off-the-s helf software suite that is configured for high resolution cross the profiles of the equipment, providing historical trends, statistics as well as the supervisory controls of MD/CD. The QCS system is build with components that meet the standard of the industry providing a generic installation designed give self forethought to the

Is it political culture, social cleavages or inherited institutions Essay

Is it governmental culture, social cleavages or inherited institutions that has the nearly significant influence on the current problems facing the consolidation of - Essay ExampleThe repercussions f the Russian and Asian financial crises, together with the apparent fraying f Cardosos governing coalition and a unilateral moratorium on federal debts declared by some states, exposed the fiscal and political fragility f Cardosos form _or_ system of government agenda. brazil-nut trees ability to recover quickly from the global economic shocks and Cardosos success in winning legislative accept on major structural reforms as f May 2000 burst as much his political skill as the many overlooked strengths and growing versatility f the brazil nutian political system.The discussions in the texts to be reviewed present place in crisper perspective the political and institutional conundrum facing Cardosos administration. The seven books role many features. Each in its own way addresses cri tical political and institutional issues facing Brazil today. For most f these analysts, the central question is, why has Brazils new democracy performed so poorly in terms f redistri butive reforms and democratic governance Why has the return to democracy resulted in neither broad(a) governance nor improvements in the countrys profound social deficit While the authors have their own distinctive approaches and ways f framing f the central problem, this review will focus mainly on the themes f democratic governance and social welfare. As a group, the works under review here reveal four shortcomings. First, they understate the achievements f democracy in Brazil. This assessment stems in part from mostly normative hidden assumptions about an ideal type f democracy, in comparison with which the performance f Brazilian democracy falls short. Second, these authors perceive more continuities than breaks in Brazilian political development, with corrosive practices and institutions f the historic remaining intact--or even strengthened-following the transition to democracy. Third, they underestimate the capacity f the three key political institutions in Brazil--the parties, the legislature, and the executive or generalize about their hypothesized weakness. This problem is especially egregious in the analysis by Ronald Schneider, who describes the Brazilian party system as primitive and blames the dysfunctional public sector as the get back cause f the countrys economic and political crises. But the problem is equally visible in the books by Souza, Weyland, and Hagopian. Despite a growing body f research showing otherwise, (Martins 78-93) several f the texts reviewed here illustrate how works on Brazilian party systems and legislative-executive relations continue to be dominated by outdated, impressionistic, and overdrawn arguments and evidence. The first signs f a modern democratic government in Brazil appeared in 1945 when the host deposed President Getlio Vargas . Vargas had created a semi-corporatist authoritarian regime (the Estado Nvo) based largely on the phalanx. Once Vargas had been removed from power, Brazil instituted a competitive multi-party system. Multi-party systems are not a requirement for democracy, but certainly the history f democratization has been associated with the development f parties and their legitimation.This step towards a true democratic government was negated in 1964 when the military forced a reversion to an authoritarian form f rule. The president remained the top government official, but he was